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1.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 49(2): 171-176, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597571

ABSTRACT

Rash is a common side effect associated with antiepileptic drugs. The rate of a phenytoin rash is 5.9 percent and increases to 25 percent in those with another antiepileptic drug rash. Aplastic anemia is an adquired hematopoietic stem-cell disorder characterized by pancytopenia of the peripheral blood and hypocellular bone marrow. The use of phenytoin is associated with a 3.5 fold increased risk of aplastic anemia. We report a case of a 70-year-old woman who developed two severe adverse reactions simultaneously with phenytoin: a maculopapular pruritic rash with involvement of mucous and an aplastic anemia. Both conditions normalized after phenytoin withdrawal.


El rash es un efecto secundario común asociado al uso de fármacos antiepilépticos. La frecuencia de rash con fenitoína se ha estimado en un 5,9 por ciento y asciende a un 25 por ciento en pacientes que han presentado rash con otro fármaco antiepiléptico. La anemia aplásica es una anomalía adquirida de las células madre hematopoyéticas caracterizada por pancitopenia de la sangre periférica y médula ósea hipocelular. Los pacientes tratados con fenitoína presentan un riesgo 3,5 veces mayor de desarrollar anemia aplásica. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 70 años que desarrolló dos reacciones adversas severas y simultáneas a la fenitoína: un exantema maculopapular pruriginoso con compromiso de mucosas y una anemia aplásica. Ambas condiciones se resolvieron completamente con la suspensión del fármaco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Anemia, Aplastic/complications , Anemia, Aplastic/chemically induced , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Exanthema/complications , Exanthema/chemically induced , Phenytoin/adverse effects
2.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 47(3): 222-227, 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-556251

ABSTRACT

The progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating CNS disease, characterized by lysis of injected oligodendrocytes by JC virus (JCV). Immunodeficiency is a predisposing factor for acquiring the disease and at least 5 percent of AIDS patients may develop PML. Among patients infected with HIV has also been described the lysis of the granullar cells of the cerebellum and cerebellar atrophy, attributed to a variant of the JCV. We present 37 years old HIV infected men, with postural dizziness, followed by gait disturbances, and a cerebellar syndrome, scanned speech, hyperreflexia, pendular reflexes, Babinski sign and mild cognitive impairment were present. Brain MRI showed hyperintense areas of the white matter in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and brainstem, associated with incipient atrophy of the cerebellum. The CSF was normal except for the PCR positive for the JCV. The patient received antiretroviral therapy. A second MRI, eight months later, showed a slightly increase in lesions of the cerebral hemispheres, and the left cerebellar hemisphere, but had developed a marked cerebellar atrophy. After two years, the patient remained with a serious cerebellar syndrome. That in association with the slow course of the disease and the particular cerebellar lesions, are suggestive of a mixed JCV infection of both, the typical and mutant type, in this patient. This is the first case of cerebellar atrophy by the JCV reported in the Chilean literature.


La leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva es un proceso desmielinizante del SNC, que se caracteriza por la lisis de los oligodendrocitos infectados por el virus JC. La inmunodeficiencia es un factor predisponente para adquirir la enfermedad y al menos el 5 por ciento de los pacientes con SIDA pueden desarrollar una LMP. Entre pacientes infectados con VIH también se ha descrito una lisis de las células granulosas del cerebelo y atrofia cerebelosa, atribuida a una variante del virus JC. Se presenta un hombre de 37 años portador de VIH, que consulta por vértigos posturales, seguidos de alteraciones de la marcha y un síndrome cerebeloso, palabra escandida, hiperreflexia, reflejos pendulares, Babinski y un leve deterioro cognitivo. La RM cerebral mostró áreas de hiperintensidad en T2 de la substancia blanca en los hemisferios cerebrales, en los tálamos y en estructuras bulbo-protuberanciales, asociadas a una atrofia incipiente del cerebelo. El LCR era normal, salvo la PCR positiva para el VJC. El paciente estaba con terapia antiretroviral que se mantuvo. Una segunda RM, ocho meses después, mostró leve aumento de las lesiones de los hemisferios cerebrales, de la protuberancia y del hemisferio cerebeloso izquierdo, pero se había incrementado la atrofia de la corteza cerebelosa. Después de dos años, el paciente ha mantenido el síndrome cerebeloso, que unido a la detención clínica de la enfermedad y a la atrofia del cerebelo, sugieren que este paciente pudiera tener una doble infección por VJC tanto de la variedad típica como de la mutante. Este sería el primer caso de atrofia cerebelosa por el VJC pesquisado en Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Tumor Virus Infections/complications , Polyomavirus Infections/complications , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology , JC Virus/physiology , Cerebellum/virology , Brain Diseases/virology
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 132(1): 95-107, ene. 2004.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-359186

ABSTRACT

This paper undertakes an analysis of the scientific criteria used in the diagnosis of death and underscores the importance of intellectual rigor in the definition of medical concepts, particularly regarding such a critical issue as the diagnosis of death. Under the cardiorespiratory criterion, death is defined as ½the irreversible cessation of the functioning of an organism as a whole¼ and the tests used to confirm this criterion (negative life-signs) are sensitive and specific. In this case, cadaverous phenomena appear immediately following the diagnosis of death. On the other hand, doubts have arisen concerning the theoretical and the inner consistency of the criterion of brain death, since it does not satisfy the definition of ½the irreversible cessation of the functioning of an organism as a whole¼, nor the requirement of ½total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem¼. There is evidence to the effect that the tests used to confirm this criterion are not specific enough. It is clear that brain death marks the beginning of a process that eventually ends in death, though death does not occur at that moment. From an ethical point of view, the conflict arises between the need to provide an unequivocal diagnosis of death and the possibility of saving a life through organ transplantation. The sensitive issue of brain death calls for a more thorough and in-depth discussion among physicians and the community at large (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 95-107).


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Death/diagnosis , Ethics, Medical
4.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 65(6): 343-6, nov.-dic. 1994.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-148370

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de ilustrar y comentar los principios involucrados en la decisión de formular y la aplicación de órdenes de no reanimar, se describe el caso de una paciente de 14 meses de edad, nacida prematuramente de padres consanguíneos, con encefalopatías hipóxica isquémica, daño cerebral severo, parálisis cerebral, grave desnutrición, retraso del crecimiento, neumonia de aspiración reiterada, neumonia en evolución e insuficiencia respiratoria. Presentada al comité de ética de un hospital pediátrico de Santiago metropolitano, éste recomendó no emplear respirador mecánico y no reanimar, conductas que fueron respetadas en la paciente, que falleció dos días después. Los fundamentos de esta decisión se encuentran en los principios de beneficiencia, proporcionalidad del tratamiento para los resultados esperados, justicia y autonomía de esta decisión, que debe distinguirse de la eutanasia pasiva, en la que se omiten acciones con la intención de acelerar la muerte del paciente, por la diferente intencionalidad con que se aplica


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Ethics, Medical , Resuscitation Orders , Cerebral Palsy , Ethics Committees , Euthanasia, Passive , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/standards
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 122(5): 563-71, mayo 1994.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-135466

ABSTRACT

The easiness of medical technology to prolong life in patients with severe cognitive or biological deterioration, the existence of cultural tendencies that underscore the importance of patient's self determination and economical considerations have posed the problem of euthanasia among patients, their families, society and medical teams. A propos of an exemplary patient, the ethical principles that allow the distinction between passive euthanasia and with drawal of life support measures ane analysed. The analysis of active euthanasia, leads to the conclusion that it is not comptible with the ethical principles that classically have inspired medical actions


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pelvic Neoplasms/secondary , Euthanasia/trends , Life Support Care/psychology , Neoplasm Metastasis , Ethics, Medical , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications , Terminal Care , Incurable Patients , Treatment Refusal , Colonic Neoplasms/complications , Decision Making , Physician-Patient Relations
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